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Minggu, 01 Juni 2014

TIPS STUCTURE IN TOEFL

NAMA : AGNESTASIA
KELAS  : 3EB24
NPM     : 20211323
TUGAS : BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2( TUGAS KE 3)

TIPS STUCTURE IN TOEFL

    The structure section contain sentences that test your knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of standard written english. These sentences include a variety of topics and give no particular advantage to individuals in and specific field of study.
     When topics have a national context  they rifer to the United States or Canadian History, culture, art or literature.  However, you do not need to have a prior knowlwdge of these context to answer the structural or grammatical points being tested. Before completing these practice questions you might wish to print out an answer sheet .
Directions and practice questions for sections 2
Following are directions and examples of the types of questions you will find in structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL test . If you would like to see the correct answers for the structure and Written Expression question, use the answer key to check your answers.
This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate to use standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section , with special directions for each type.
STRUCTURE
DIRECTIONS: Questions 1-4 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words  or phrases, marked A, B,C ,D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds tp the letter of the answer you have chosen
LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES:
1.      Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes              they both emit liquids from below the Earth’s surface.
A.    Due to
B.     Because
C.     In spite of
D.    Regardless of
The sentence sould read,”Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes because they both emit hot liquid form below the Earth’s surface. “Therefore, you should  choose answer B.
2.      During the early period of ocean navigation,                   any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.
A.    So that hardly
B.     Where there hardly was
C.     Hardly was
D.    There was hardly
The sentence sould read,” During the early period of ocean navigation, there was hardly any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques” Therefore, you should choose answer D.
     PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1.      Refrigerating meats                 the spread of Bacteria
1.      Retards
2.      Retarding
3.      To Retard
4.      Is Retarded

2.      Throughout the animal kingdom,                bigger than theelephant.
1.      Whale is only the
2.      Only the whale is
3.      Is the whale only
4.      Only whale is the
3.      The fact              money orders can usually be easily cashed has made them a popular form of payment .
1.      Of
2.      That
3.      Is that
4.      Which is
       4     The first article of the United States Contitusion gives congress                   to pass laws.
1.      The power
2.      Has the power
3.      The power is
4.      Of the power
Tips of structure in TOEFL :
Multiple choice TOEFL. Stucture can be tricky even if you know the correct answer. The following six steps plan is an approach to help you methodically answer these multiple choice question.
1.      Read the questions carefully for both meaning and structure, nothing any errors which you recognize immidiately
2.      Think of what the answer might be before you look at  the answer among the choices, that answer is very likely correct.
3.      Read the choices and try to select the correct answer . However, don’t expect to recognize the  correct answer immediately . Remember do not panic . Your plan as TOEFL test taker should always be to try to figure out the correct answer
4.      Even if you think A or B IS THE Correct Answer. Thoughtfully read and consider the reaming choices so that are absolutely certain that A  or B is truly correct
5.      Eliminate incorrect choiyces. Have a system for nothing the correct answer, possibly by circling the letter in your text booklet and for eliminating wrong answer possible by putting an “x” over the letter of the choice.
6.      Remember the five error areas that explained in the review section. Carefully look the whole sentence and theway it  is put together.

VERB TENSE
      An understanding of verb tenses  is critical when taking the TOEFL structure. Considering the many tense there are in any language, this is not undue emphasis on verb tenses. Though there are many tenses that can be tested, and many intricate exceptions, don’t become overwhelmed with with the extensive range of the verb tenses. Complete understanding of verb tense is a goal, but is not needed to do relatively well on the TOEFL structure.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES:
               a)      Simple Present Tense:
                Example: I study English on Monday and Thursday
               b)      Present Continuos Tense:
                Example: He is looking for his pen in that room

          SIMPLE PAST
                        a)  Simple Past Tense
           Example: We studied English last Tuesday afternoon.
               b)   Past Continuous Tense
            Example: We were having breakfast at 7 o’clock this morning



SIMPLE FUTURE/ BE GOING TO:

      a)    Simple Future Tense
    Example: I will spend my holidays in Bali next month.
    b)    Future Continuous Tense
    Example: I will be leaving for Surabaya by train if you come to my home at 7 o’clock
    tomorrow afternoon

PERPECT TENSES:

a)      Present Continuos Tense:
Example: He is looking for his pen in that room
b)      Present Perfect Tense:
Example: We have occupied this house for 3 years
c)     Present Perfect Continuous
Example: Diana has been working for this company for 7 months
d)      Past Perfect Tense
Example: He had sold the car when I came too see it yesterday afternoon.
e)      Past Perfect Continuous
Example: Dhiana had been typing the monthly report for 2 hours at 11 o’clock this morning.
f)        Future Continuous Tense
Example: I will be leaving for Surabaya by train if you come to my home at 7 o’clock tomorrow afternoon
g)      Future Perfect Tense
Example: They will have finished painting this building by the end of this month
h)        Future Perfect Continuous
Example: I will have been studying Englishfor there years by the time I am 25 years old 

ADJECTIVE  An adjective is a word that describes, identifies, modifies, or quantifies something (a noun or a pronoun). In the phrase, "the black cat" the word black is an adjective because it describes the cat. Categorise adjectives:

a)      Position Adjective: When adjectives come in a noun phrase they are normally immediately before the noun. Some adjectives are used alone after nouns.
Example: They live in a large house (attributive position)
Their new house is large (predicative position)
b)      Function Adjective: 
Example: I still felt hungry after dinner

c) Participle Adjective:   
Example :  I was very pleased when I met her

 d)     Demonstrative Adjective 
Example: I am interested to buy this old shoes

 e)      Formation of Adjective:
Example:
         Noun + y : anger – angry
         Noun + ful : power – powerful
         Noun + al : crime – criminal
         Noun + ous : danger – dangerous
         Noun + less : taste – tasteless
         Verb + able : obtain – obtainable
         Verb + ive : talk – talkative
         Im + adjective : possible – impossible
         Ir + adjective : regular – irregular
         Un + adjective : able – unable
         Il + adjective : legal – illegal
         In + adjective : capable – incapable

f)       Positive Degree: The positive form is the base form of the adjective.
Example: The man is as old as my father

g)      Comparative Degree: The comparative form expresses a higher degree of some quality.
Example:
-          English book costs Rp 30.000,-
-          History book costs Rp 25.000,-
  The english book is more expenxive than the history book.
Or
  The history book is cheaper than the english book.

h)      Superlative Degree: The superlative form expresses the highest degree.
Example:
-          The english book costs Rp 35.000,-
-          The history book costs Rp 25.000,-
-          The French book costs Rp 45.000,-
  The history book is the cheapest of three books.
Or
  The French book is the most expensive of the three books.

i)        Double Comparative
Example: As the police chased him, the man run faster and faster.

j)        The Same as – The Same – Similar
                Example: your dictionary is the same as my dictionary
6. MODAL AUXILIARY A verb that combines with another verb to indicate mood or tense. A modal (also known as a modal auxiliary) expresses necessity, uncertainty, ability, or permission. The modal auxiliaries (or modals) include the following: 
a)      Can – Could : I can translate this english novel into Indonesian.
b)      May – Might : You may come to my house if you have time.
c)      Must – Have To : I must help my parents in the garden every Sunday morning.
d)     Shall – Will : I’m very thirsty. I will drink a glass of water.
e)      Should – Ought To : We should respect our teachers.
f)       Would : What would you like to drink?
g)      Needn’t – Mustn’t : I needn’t have bought the apples because she had bought some.
h)      Had Better : You had better not leave this place before they come.
i)        Would Rather : We would rather take a taxi.
j)        Used To : My little sister used to study French.


     7.QUESTION WORD: We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). Categorise of question word:

a)      What – Who(m) :
-          What book?
-          Who did you meet at the party last night?
-          Whom did you meet at the party last night?
b)      When – Where :
-          When will your brother go to America?
-          Where do you study English?
c)      Which – Whose :
-          Which book do you want to take?
-          Whose umbrella did you borrow?
d)     Why – How :
-          Why do you study English?
-          How many students are there in that room?

      VERBS Verbs are doing words. A verb can express a physical action, a mental action, or a state of being. The verbs which express a state of being are the ones which take a little practice to spot, but, actually, they are the most common. The most common verb is the verb to be. There are several different types of verbs, as follows:

a)      Infinitive : I was the first to come and the last to leave.
b)      Past Form : He took my money in the drawer.
c)      Past Participle : They have played for almost two hours.
d)     Present Participles : Tommy is repairing his car in the garage.
e)      Main Verb : The tallest student in Jane’s class has long black hair and blue eyes.
f)       Verb + To Infinitive : They decided not to continue the construction of the bridge.
g)      Verb + Gerund : The man denied taking all the money in this drawer.
h)      Verb Phrase + Gerund : My father gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.
i)        Verb + Infinitive or Gerund : It was beginning to rain when I left the office at 5 p.m yesterday.
    ADVERBS An adverb is a word that’s used to give information about a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb stronger or weaker. There are several different types of adverbs, as follows:
a)      Adverb of Manner : He speaks honestly.
b)      Adverb of Frequency : She will never be late in the afternoon.
c)      Adverb of Certainty : The man probably knows the location of the accident.
     PASSIVE VOICE Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not           known, however, who or what is performing the action.
a)      Passive Voice in All Tenses : His father is always helped (by John) in the garden (simple present tense).
b)      Passive Form of Modals : This novel can be translated (by his brother) into Indonesia.
     ARTICLES The articles in English are the definite article the and the indefinite articles a and an (and sometimes some). Use of the definite article implies that the speaker assumes the listener knows the identity of the noun's referent.
a)      Indefinite Article a-an : A lion is a wild animal.
b)      Definite Article : She is the lady we met at the supermarket yesterday morning.
c)      Zero Article : Cat’s don’t like cold weather.
  CONJUNCTIONS In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, sentencesphrases or clauses. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. There are several different types of conjunctions, as follows:
a)      Co-ordinating Conjunction: Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more items (such as words, main clauses, or sentences) of equal syntactic importance.
Example : John and I are leaving early tomorrow morning.
b)      Subordinating Conjunction: Subordinating conjunctions, also calledsubordinator, are conjunctions that join an independent clause and adependent clause.
Example : The man came after we had finished doing our job.
c)      Correlative Conjunction: Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.
Example : Brenda is either a typist or a secretary.
d)     Compound Conjunction
Example : He applied for a job in order that he could help his parents.
PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They describe, for example:
a)      Simple Preposition: about, above, across, after, etc.
b)      Compound Preposition: despite, beyond, upon, besides, etc
c)      Double Preposition: inspite of, due to, as regards, next to, etc
d)     Participal Preposition: regarding, barring, pending, during, etc
e)      Phrase Preposition: instead of, on account of, in line with, etc
     CONDITIONAL Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.
a)      Conditional Clause Type 1: If I finish work early today, I will play tennis in the afternoon.
b)      Conditional Clause Type 2: If I had much money I would by a new car
c)      Conditional Clause Type 3: If I had had much money,I would have bought a new car
d)     As If – As Though: He speak as if he were my superior / He speak as though he were my superior.
e)      Wish: I wish she would tell me the secret.
    INDIRECT SPEECH Indirect speech, also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech.
a)      Indirect Speech – Statement
Direct: Jenni said, “I buy this dictionary at a bookshop.”
Indirect: Jenni told me (that) she bought this dictionary at a bookshop
b)      Indirect Speech – Question
Direct: John asked me, “do you still take an English course?”
Indirect: John asked me if I still took an English course.
c)      Indirect Speech – Question Words
Direct: He said, “when did you buy this new car?”
Indirect: He asked me when I had bought this new car
d)     Indirect Speech – Command
Direct: The instructor said, “lie down on the grass?”
Indirect: The instructor told me to lie down on the grass.
GERUND A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would.
a)      Gerund as subject : Running in the morning is good for health.
b)      Gerund as a complement: One of her hobbies is collecting foreign stamps.
c)      Gerund as an object: My father likes hunting in the forest.
d)     Gerund after preposition: He was not capable of doing the work.
e)      Gerund after possessive adjective: His leaving will make them sad.
f)       Gerund after certain verbs: We kept hoping he would come last night.
g)      Gerund after the verb go: We usually go to fishing on Saturday afternoon.
h)      Passive gerund: This old television set needs repairing
i)        Gerund to show prohibition: No smoking!

CAUSATIVE The causative is a common structure in English. It is used when one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something. 
a)      Causative – Have: I have him repair the window.
b)      Causative – Get: I often get my little brother to clean his room.
c)      Causative – Make: The robber made the teller give him all the money in the drawer.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE An adjective clause usually comes after the noun it modifies and is made up of several words which, like all clauses, will include a subject and a verb.
a)      Subject pronoun: who – which – that
Example:
-          The couple have two boys and two daughters.
-          They live next door.
  The couple who live next door have two boys and two daughters.
Or
  The couple that live next door have two boys and two daughters.
b)      Object pronoun: who – which – that
Example:
-          The man was my english teacher.
-          You saw him at the station last night.
  The man who/whom you saw at the station last night was my english teacher.
Or
  The man that you saw at the station last night was my english teacher.
c)      Using whose and where
Example:
-          The man is my next door neighbor.
-          His computer was stolen a few days ago.
 The man whose computer was stolen a few days ago is my next door neighbor.
 NOUN CLAUSE A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun.
a)      Question word in noun clause:
Example: Where does he work? I don’t know he works
b)      Whether – if in noun clause:
Example: Does she live in Jakarta? I don’t know whether she live in Jakarta.
source :     
3.      Cyssco, Dhanny R (2007). Comprehensive English Grammar Preparation For TOEFL. Bekasi: Penerbit Kesaint Blanc.

4.       http://www.wikihow.com/Study-for-the-TOEFL

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