NAMA : AGNESTASIA
KELAS : 3EB24
NPM : 20211323
TUGAS : BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2( TUGAS KE 3)
TIPS
STUCTURE IN TOEFL
The structure section contain sentences
that test your knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of
standard written english. These sentences include a variety of topics and give
no particular advantage to individuals in and specific field of study.
When topics have a national context they rifer to the United States or Canadian
History, culture, art or literature.
However, you do not need to have a prior knowlwdge of these context to
answer the structural or grammatical points being tested. Before completing these
practice questions you might wish to print out an answer sheet .
Directions and practice
questions for sections 2
Following are
directions and examples of the types of questions you will find in structure
and Written Expression section of the TOEFL test . If you would like to see the
correct answers for the structure and Written Expression question, use the
answer key to check your answers.
This section is
designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate to
use standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section
, with special directions for each type.
STRUCTURE
DIRECTIONS: Questions
1-4 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four
words or phrases, marked A, B,C ,D.
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your
answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds tp the letter of the answer you have chosen
LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING
EXAMPLES:
1.
Geysers
have often been compared to volcanoes they both emit liquids from below
the Earth’s surface.
A. Due
to
B. Because
C. In
spite of
D. Regardless
of
The
sentence sould read,”Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes because they
both emit hot liquid form below the Earth’s surface. “Therefore, you
should choose answer B.
2.
During
the early period of ocean navigation, any need for sophisticated
instruments and techniques.
A. So
that hardly
B. Where
there hardly was
C. Hardly
was
D. There
was hardly
The
sentence sould read,” During the early period of ocean navigation, there was
hardly any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques” Therefore, you
should choose answer D.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1.
Refrigerating
meats the spread of
Bacteria
1. Retards
2. Retarding
3. To
Retard
4. Is
Retarded
2.
Throughout
the animal kingdom, bigger
than theelephant.
1. Whale
is only the
2. Only
the whale is
3. Is
the whale only
4. Only
whale is the
3.
The
fact money orders can
usually be easily cashed has made them a popular form of payment .
1. Of
2. That
3. Is
that
4. Which
is
1. The
power
2. Has
the power
3. The
power is
4. Of
the power
Tips
of structure in TOEFL :
Multiple
choice TOEFL. Stucture can be tricky even if you know the correct answer. The
following six steps plan is an approach to help you methodically answer these
multiple choice question.
1. Read
the questions carefully for both meaning and structure, nothing any errors
which you recognize immidiately
2. Think
of what the answer might be before you look at
the answer among the choices, that answer is very likely correct.
3. Read
the choices and try to select the correct answer . However, don’t expect to
recognize the correct answer immediately
. Remember do not panic . Your plan as TOEFL test taker should always be to try
to figure out the correct answer
4. Even
if you think A or B IS THE Correct Answer. Thoughtfully read and consider the
reaming choices so that are absolutely certain that A or B is truly correct
5. Eliminate
incorrect choiyces. Have a system for nothing the correct answer, possibly by
circling the letter in your text booklet and for eliminating wrong answer
possible by putting an “x” over the letter of the choice.
6. Remember
the five error areas that explained in the review section. Carefully look the
whole sentence and theway it is put
together.
VERB
TENSE
An understanding of verb tenses is critical when taking the TOEFL structure.
Considering the many tense there are in any language, this is not undue
emphasis on verb tenses. Though there are many tenses that can be tested, and
many intricate exceptions, don’t become overwhelmed with with the extensive
range of the verb tenses. Complete understanding of verb tense is a goal, but
is not needed to do relatively well on the TOEFL structure.
SIMPLE
PRESENT TENSES:
a) Simple
Present Tense:
Example: I study English on Monday and Thursday
b) Present
Continuos Tense:
Example: He is looking for his pen in that room
SIMPLE PAST
a) Simple Past Tense
Example: We studied English last Tuesday
afternoon.
b) Past
Continuous Tense
Example: We were having breakfast at 7 o’clock
this morning
SIMPLE FUTURE/ BE GOING TO:
a) Simple Future Tense
Example: I will spend my holidays in Bali next
month.
b) Future
Continuous Tense
Example: I will be leaving for Surabaya by train
if you come to my home at 7 o’clock
tomorrow
afternoon
PERPECT TENSES:
a) Present
Continuos Tense:
Example: He is looking for his
pen in that room
b) Present
Perfect Tense:
Example: We have occupied this
house for 3 years
c) Present
Perfect Continuous
Example: Diana has been working
for this company for 7 months
d) Past
Perfect Tense
Example: He had sold the car
when I came too see it yesterday afternoon.
e) Past
Perfect Continuous
Example: Dhiana had been typing
the monthly report for 2 hours at 11 o’clock this morning.
f) Future
Continuous Tense
Example: I will be leaving for
Surabaya by train if you come to my home at 7 o’clock tomorrow afternoon
g) Future
Perfect Tense
Example: They will have finished
painting this building by the end of this month
h) Future
Perfect Continuous
Example: I will have been studying Englishfor
there years by the time I am 25 years old
ADJECTIVE An adjective is a word that describes, identifies, modifies, or
quantifies something (a noun or a pronoun). In the phrase, "the black cat" the word black is an adjective because it
describes the cat. Categorise adjectives:
a) Position Adjective: When adjectives come in a noun phrase they are
normally immediately before the noun. Some adjectives are used alone after
nouns.
Example: They live in a large house
(attributive position)
Their new house is
large (predicative position)
b) Function
Adjective:
Example: I still felt hungry after dinner
c) Participle Adjective:
Example : I was very pleased when I
met her
d) Demonstrative
Adjective
Example: I am interested to buy this old shoes
e) Formation
of Adjective:
Example:
Noun
+ y : anger – angry
Noun
+ ful : power – powerful
Noun
+ al : crime – criminal
Noun
+ ous : danger – dangerous
Noun
+ less : taste – tasteless
Verb
+ able : obtain – obtainable
Verb
+ ive : talk – talkative
Im
+ adjective : possible – impossible
Ir
+ adjective : regular – irregular
Un
+ adjective : able – unable
Il
+ adjective : legal – illegal
In
+ adjective : capable – incapable
f) Positive
Degree: The positive form is the base form of
the adjective.
Example: The man is as old as my father
g) Comparative
Degree: The comparative form expresses a
higher degree of some quality.
Example:
- English
book costs Rp 30.000,-
- History
book costs Rp 25.000,-
The english
book is more expenxive than the history book.
Or
The
history book is cheaper than the english book.
h) Superlative
Degree: The superlative form expresses the
highest degree.
Example:
- The
english book costs Rp 35.000,-
- The
history book costs Rp 25.000,-
- The
French book costs Rp 45.000,-
The
history book is the cheapest of three books.
Or
The
French book is the most expensive of the three books.
i) Double
Comparative
Example: As the police chased him, the man run
faster and faster.
j) The
Same as – The Same – Similar
Example:
your dictionary is the same as my dictionary
6. MODAL AUXILIARY A verb that combines with another verb to indicate mood or tense. A modal (also known as a modal auxiliary) expresses
necessity, uncertainty, ability, or permission. The modal auxiliaries (or modals) include the
following:
a) Can – Could : I can translate this
english novel into Indonesian.
b) May – Might : You may come to my house
if you have time.
c) Must – Have To : I must help my
parents in the garden every Sunday morning.
d) Shall – Will : I’m very thirsty. I
will drink a glass of water.
e) Should – Ought To : We should respect
our teachers.
f) Would : What would you like to drink?
g) Needn’t – Mustn’t : I needn’t have
bought the apples because she had bought some.
h) Had Better : You had better not leave
this place before they come.
i) Would Rather : We would rather take a
taxi.
j) Used To : My little sister used to
study French.
7.QUESTION WORD: We use
question words to ask certain types of questions (question
word questions).
Categorise of question word:
a) What – Who(m) :
- What book?
- Who did you meet at the party last
night?
- Whom did you meet at the party last
night?
b) When – Where :
- When will your brother go to America?
- Where do you study English?
c) Which – Whose :
- Which book do you want to take?
- Whose umbrella did you borrow?
d) Why – How :
- Why do you study English?
- How many students are there in that
room?
VERBS Verbs
are doing words. A verb can express a physical action, a mental action, or a
state of being. The verbs which express a state of being are the ones
which take a little practice to spot, but, actually, they are the most common.
The most common verb is the verb to
be. There are several different types of verbs, as follows:
a) Infinitive : I was the first to come
and the last to leave.
b) Past Form : He took my money in the drawer.
c) Past Participle : They have played for almost two hours.
d) Present Participles : Tommy is
repairing his car in the garage.
e) Main Verb : The tallest student in
Jane’s class has long black hair and blue eyes.
f) Verb + To Infinitive : They decided
not to continue the construction of the bridge.
g) Verb + Gerund : The man denied taking
all the money in this drawer.
h) Verb Phrase + Gerund : My father gave
up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.
i) Verb + Infinitive or Gerund : It was
beginning to rain when I left the office at 5 p.m yesterday.
ADVERBS An
adverb is a word that’s used to give information about a verb, adjective, or
other adverb. Adverbs can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other
adverb stronger or weaker. There are several different types of adverbs, as
follows:
a) Adverb of Manner : He speaks honestly.
b) Adverb of Frequency : She will never be late in the afternoon.
c) Adverb of Certainty : The man probably knows the location of the accident.
PASSIVE VOICE Passive
voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is
performing the action.
a) Passive Voice in All Tenses : His
father is always helped (by John) in the garden (simple present tense).
b) Passive Form of Modals : This novel
can be translated (by his brother) into Indonesia.
ARTICLES The articles in English are the definite article the and the indefinite articles a and an (and sometimes some). Use of the definite
article implies that the speaker assumes the listener knows the identity of the
noun's referent.
a) Indefinite Article a-an : A lion is a
wild animal.
b) Definite Article : She is the lady we
met at the supermarket yesterday morning.
c) Zero Article : Cat’s don’t like cold
weather.
CONJUNCTIONS In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that
connects words, sentences, phrases or clauses.
A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. There
are several different types of conjunctions, as follows:
a) Co-ordinating Conjunction: Coordinating
conjunctions, also called coordinators,
are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more items (such as words, main
clauses, or sentences) of equal syntactic importance.
Example : John and I are leaving early tomorrow morning.
b) Subordinating Conjunction: Subordinating
conjunctions, also calledsubordinator, are conjunctions that join an independent clause and
adependent clause.
Example : The man came after we had finished doing our job.
c) Correlative Conjunction: Correlative conjunctions work
in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.
Example : Brenda is either a typist or a secretary.
d) Compound Conjunction
Example : He applied for a job in
order that he could help his
parents.
PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions
are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship
between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They describe, for
example:
a) Simple Preposition: about, above,
across, after, etc.
b) Compound Preposition: despite, beyond,
upon, besides, etc
c) Double Preposition: inspite of, due
to, as regards, next to, etc
d) Participal Preposition: regarding,
barring, pending, during, etc
e) Phrase Preposition: instead of, on
account of, in line with, etc
CONDITIONAL Conditional
Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to
express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take
place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are
three types of Conditional Sentences.
a) Conditional Clause Type 1: If I finish
work early today, I will play tennis in the afternoon.
b) Conditional Clause Type 2: If I had
much money I would by a new car
c) Conditional Clause Type 3: If I had
had much money,I would have bought a new car
d) As If – As Though: He speak as if he
were my superior / He speak as though he were my superior.
e) Wish: I wish she would tell me the
secret.
INDIRECT SPEECH Indirect
speech, also called reported
speech or indirect
discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or
other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech.
a) Indirect Speech – Statement
Direct: Jenni said, “I buy this dictionary at a bookshop.”
Indirect: Jenni told me (that) she bought this dictionary at a
bookshop
b) Indirect Speech – Question
Direct: John asked me, “do you still take an English course?”
Indirect: John asked me if I still took an English course.
c) Indirect Speech – Question Words
Direct: He said, “when did you buy this new car?”
Indirect: He asked me when I had bought this new car
d) Indirect Speech – Command
Direct: The instructor said, “lie down on the grass?”
Indirect: The instructor told me to lie down on the grass.
GERUND A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two
kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state
of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some
positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would.
a) Gerund as subject : Running in the
morning is good for health.
b) Gerund as a complement: One of her
hobbies is collecting foreign stamps.
c) Gerund as an object: My father likes
hunting in the forest.
d) Gerund after preposition: He was not
capable of doing the work.
e) Gerund after possessive adjective: His
leaving will make them sad.
f) Gerund after certain verbs: We kept
hoping he would come last night.
g) Gerund after the verb go: We usually
go to fishing on Saturday afternoon.
h) Passive gerund: This old television
set needs repairing
i) Gerund to show prohibition: No
smoking!
CAUSATIVE The
causative is a common structure in English. It is used when one thing or person
causes another thing or person to do something.
a) Causative – Have: I have him repair
the window.
b) Causative – Get: I often get my little
brother to clean his room.
c) Causative – Make: The robber made the
teller give him all the money in the drawer.
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE An adjective clause usually comes after the noun it modifies and
is made up of several words which, like all clauses, will include a subject and
a verb.
a) Subject pronoun: who – which – that
Example:
- The couple have two boys and two
daughters.
- They live next door.
The couple who live next door have two
boys and two daughters.
Or
The couple that live next door have
two boys and two daughters.
b) Object pronoun: who – which – that
Example:
- The man was my english teacher.
- You saw him at the station last night.
The man who/whom you saw at the
station last night was my english teacher.
Or
The man that you saw at the station
last night was my english teacher.
c) Using whose and where
Example:
- The man is my next door neighbor.
- His computer was stolen a few days
ago.
- The man whose computer was stolen a
few days ago is my next door neighbor.
a) Question word in noun clause:
Example: Where does he work? I don’t know he works
b) Whether – if in noun clause:
Example: Does she live in Jakarta? I don’t know whether she live
in Jakarta.
source :
3.
Cyssco,
Dhanny R (2007). Comprehensive
English Grammar Preparation For TOEFL. Bekasi:
Penerbit Kesaint Blanc.
4. http://www.wikihow.com/Study-for-the-TOEFL
